Late Winter Dunes

It's late winter, and mother nature can't make up her mind. One day it's bitter cold, the next nearly 80 degrees. This cycle of warm and cold is normal for this time of year in Northern Indiana, but one never gets used to it. A spell of warm weather gets you into spring mode, ready to plant gardens and bring out the patio furniture, but the next day, it's back to winter and shoveling snow. It's this waffling weather that plays with the emotions, and the ice along Lake Michigan.

 

Warm weather does allow for more comfortable hiking near Lake Michigan, so longer hikes are in order. Exploring the rolling dunes near the shore is fulfilling in all seasons, but once things warm up, it brings up feelings of summer. One look around, and it's clearly not summer, the marram grass is brown, the coniferous trees are not yet green, and the oak trees are bare - everything is still dormant. 

The views between the dunes reveals the still-frozen ice shelf on Lake Michigan, something not everyone has seen in person. Visiting the beach in winter is incredible, especially when it's warmer outside. Walking on the shore, there are dunes to your left, and ice mounds to the right - just like walking through a valley between two tiny mountain ranges.

The Total Lunar Eclipse of 2025

While not as rare as solar eclipses, lunar eclipses are a sight to behold. This full moon was named the Blood Moon, as the color often is red due to the particles in the atmosphere. It's never known exactly what color the moon will be during an eclipse until it actually happens. The moon this morning was red, but not as deep as I've seen. I also see a bit of a blue color combined with the red and brown which is known as the Japanese Lantern Effect. Commonly seen right before or right after totality. This image was taken right when the moon entered totality, so there was still quite a bit of light at the top of the moon.
          

This is the moon seen at around 50% covered. At quick glance, one would look into the sky and see a half moon - nothing unusual here. But if you look closely at the full moon during a lunar eclipse, there are no shadows on the craters. A typical crescent moon will reveal lots of detail formed by the sun shining at an angle to our view. Looking closely at this image, there are no details such as this. The sun is hitting the surface from a point directly behind our view, so shadows of the contours of the moon's surface are not highlighted in light and shadow. The shadow of the earth on the moon is also at a different angle.
       

Here too, there are no craters visible due to shading and light. This image is about 90 percent totality. The light from the moon was beginning to wane quickly. As I capture moon images, I take multiple images of the moon and stack them together, so the little amount of light is a bit amplified by stacking. Unlike a solar eclipse, the total lunar eclipse lasts quite a long time, around an hour. The eclipse ran around six hours total, with totality starting around 1:20am. A long night for sure.

Openings in the Ice

Depending upon the weather, atmospheric conditions, and elevation, the Chicago skyline can often be seen across Lake Michigan from some 48 miles away. During the winter, the horizon is blocked by ice mounds that can reach 15 feet in height, and this can block the view of the skyline. Of course, climbing the dunes will change the perspective, and allow visitors to see over the ice mounds. 

At this time of year, when the ice is breaking up and melting, windows between mounds can be discovered, offering a view of the skyline from beach level.

 

As the ice melts, it reveals areas of the beach which were covered by heavy ice mounds. These depressions in the sand can take on interesting shapes, and often fill with meltwater. The water's levels change with the lake, and with the melting of the ice beneath the sand, and these changes can be seen in the patterns around the depressions. Each line indicates where the water level was at a certain point in time. 

As the weather warms, the ice under the sand melts, and walking along the shore can be tricky, at certain points, the sand has not yet sank or compressed after thawing, and your feet can sink into the wet sand. I've sunk into the sand in some areas up to my knees - it's quite a shock to suddenly sink into what feels like quicksand. It's best to walk a bit inland at this time of year.

Waning Shelf Ice

The shelf ice continues to melt along the Lake Michigan shoreline, creating interesting, ever-changing formations. The tall mounds of ice quickly begin to shift and crack, revealing the faults and holes that could be dangerous or even deadly if covered by thin ice or snow. As the waves pound the ice mounds, they're undercut and can break away from the ice mass at any time.

 

Walking safely along the shore, these mounds appear thick and substantial enough to walk on, but the undercutting by the waves, and the shifting of the ice mass makes this an even more dangerous time to venture onto the ice shelf. The movement of the ice creates faults and thin areas where one can easily fall through. Imagine being on an ice mound when it suddenly breaks off and rolls into the freezing lake - I'll stand on firm ground.

 

The bright sunlight creates a fantastic contrast between the white ice and the dark sand and water. Walking along the shore one can see the intricate details of the ice, while climbing onto a dune gives an overall view of the entire ice shelf. Imagine this ice lining the entire shore of Lake Michigan, this is only a tiny selection of what waits to be discovered.

Ice Field on Lake Michigan

As a spell of warmer weather hits the area, the ice and snow begin to melt a bit, exposing some of the sand that sits on the ice mounds along the lake. The sand was kicked up onto the mounds as they formed, and now gets concentrated as some ice melts on the surface of the mounds. These mounds are about 15 feet tall, and will remain in place even as the temperatures climb. Some of them are resting on the bottom of the shallows along the shore, while others were only floating on the surface of the water. It's the floating ones that are most affected by warmer weather; they crack, break and wash away rather quickly.

Here you can see holes in the mounds, proving that these are not always solid, and can be hollow inside. Walking on what seems to be a thick, solid chunk of ice can be deadly if a hollow spot is only covered by a thin sheet of ice. These hollow spots often lead directly to the frigid waters of Lake Michigan where there is no escape.

 

So many formations can be seen in the ice. These mounds often remind me of mountains seen from a high altitude, and in this formation where a small, blue pond has formed and frozen, this really looks like a landscape seen from high above.

Convergence

A warm, overcast day on the Lake Michigan Shore resulted in some ice mounds beginning to break up. As we made it to the shore, the sand dunes rolled into the distant ice mounds on the lake; they matched each other's shape perfectly. Then further out, a horizontal band of water matched the horizontal bands of clouds in the sky - a convergence of shapes. 

This year's shelf ice mounds have built up to a good height and reach quite far into the lake (although I've seen the mounds stretch hundreds and hundreds of feet further). The warmer weather at the beginning of the year, the brutal cold spells with warmer weather in between have created some interest in the ice. One day the ice covers the lake as far as one can see, the next day, the wind changes direction and pushes the floe ice away from the shore. 

As usual, something new to see every time I visit. Today's visit, while cloudy, made for a very dramatic sky in the background, with muted elements in the midground, and deep warmth in the foreground. A trifecta in a way. Of course, things changed even as we left the park a few hours later.

Ice Along the Shore

 

Looking beyond the shelf ice on a clear day, one could see the Chicago skyline in the distance. Some 38 miles across the lake, if you look closely, you'll notice the bottom of the buildings are missing, this is due to the curvature of the earth - sorry flat-earthers. I you were to climb the dunes directly behind, more of the buildings would be visible due to the higher vantage point. The waves are pounding the outer ends of the shelf ice, splashing high up onto the ice mounds. This process is both tearing down the ice, and building it up. Loose pieces will break off from the wave action, but those chunks will be tossed up onto the ice mounds and frozen back into place in the cold temperatures.

If you look at the shelf ice from a distance, you can see the progression of how the ice was formed. Where there are mounds, the day was cold, windy, and the lake was wavey. This type of environment lifts and throws the ice chunks onto the edge of the ice where it grows taller, and wider. When the winds die down, floe ice will bump into the mounds and freeze in place forming flat areas of the shelf ice. When the waves begin again, ice mounds form ont he edges of the flat areas, making more and more tall mounds. At times, these ice formations can extend hundreds of feet into Lake Michigan. Floe ice will then get pushed into the shelf ice by gentle winds, and this ice can extend as far as the eye can see, making the lake appear to be frozen solid - but it's not.

   

 No matter the weather, creeks and streams continue to flow into Lake Michigan. At this time, Kintzele Ditch was not frozen, and you could watch it flow up to and then under the shelf ice. Even when the ditch is frozen, it's still flowing into the lake. I've been to this area in extremely cold weather, and if you listen, you can hear the water flowing under the ice, and sometimes see a cave-like area the flowing water carved through the ice.

The lakeshore changes quickly, often in a day or less, and in winter, the ice does the same. Every visit in winter, brings something brand new.

Matthiessen's Lower Dells

 

Wintertime in Illinois' Matthiessen State Park is always interesting. From the warm canyon walls, to the frozen waterfalls, the "fire and ice" theme is well represented here. The lower dell area is an often overlooked part of the park. It's the longest hike, with the most stairs, but it can also be closed due to flooding or extremely muddy conditions. When it is accessible, it's well worth the hike.

There are a few caves along the canyon walls, very near Cascade Falls pictured here. They're large enough to walk through, but quite short. One of the reasons this park is excellent during the winter is the fact that the creek runs all winter, and does not dry out, so the waterfalls are always running, and in winter, they're frozen solid and feature-filled.

 

The sun was getting a bit low in the sky, highlighting the snow and ice, and hiding the shaded canyon walls. The frozen falls are approximately 50 feet tall to the first ledge, and probably able to be climbed by ice climbers with the proper gear. I'm glad we hiked through here before any climbers, because they can often break off large pieces of ice, and almost always break off thousands of small pieces making the falls look far from perfect. They do, however, make for excellent photographic subjects.

   

 Walking through the majestic canyon, one can often miss small things on the canyon floor, like this chunk of ice. This caught my eye after seeing the sky reflected in the ice. The colors and light are very unusual in an environment generally consisting of only white, brown, and green.

Distant Lighthouse

Even after a week of above freezing temperatures, the Lake Michigan shelf ice remains, and in fact, is probably growing larger due to the pounding waves of the lake. The mounds build parallel to the shoreline, and each mound represents a period of high winds and waves. When the waves subside, the hill no longer builds, and some level areas can form. Once the waves begin again, new mounds will form farther into the lake. This process happens over and over until a huge field of mounds forms.
    

In the distance, the Michigan City East Pierhead lighthouse can be seen; just a few miles away. The rolling ice mounds in the foreground create what appears to be a mountain range seen from the air, further making the winter Lake Michigan shore something spectacular to view. 

There isn't much time left in winter, so get out to the Indiana Dunes National Park to view the ice in person. Winter is a fantastic time to walk on the beach.

Arctic Volcanos

Looking much more like the arctic than Indiana, a walk on the Lake Michigan shore during winter offers some interesting ice formations one normally associates with seascapes of the North. As the wind stirs up Lake Michigan, the waves pound the shore and pile up the floating ice into cone-shaped mounds resembling volcanos. The physics is actually rather similar, at least when it comes to the construction of the cone. When the waves pound against the shore or other shelf ice, waves force water and ice chunks into the solid structure where they splash up and fall onto the shore in a pile. This happens over and over again until the pile forms a cone around the area where the ice and water is splashing vertically. The center often remains hollow, a tube that transports the ice and water to the surface. Volcano cones are formed in a similar way, but by hot lava and molten rock spraying up, not ice. 

Walking along the shore during the windy periods is something to experience as well. When hiking down the sand dunes onto the beach, almost all sounds disappear when you reach the area that is sheltered by row after row of ice mounds. You're basically walking in a hallway with ice mounds on one side, and sand dunes on the other. The only sounds are the muffled splashes of the distant waves continuing to build additional mounds.
   

Hiking down to Kintzele Ditch, some of the shelf ice is covered by frozen ponds formed by the always-flowing creek. These icy areas take on the look of ponds, and seem to mimic an arctic seascape where icebergs are scattered in the frozen waters - mounds among smooth ice. These features and forms of the ice are ever-changing, and worth a visit or two each winter.

Matthiessen's Ice Cave

 

One of the highlights of the winter season is the freezing of the waterfalls of Starved Rock and Matthiessen State Parks. While the amount of seasonal moisture certainly affects the size and shape of Starved Rock's icefalls, the icefalls of Matthiessen State Park are almost always fully formed regardless of  precipitation. I believe this is due to the fact that the creek feeding the falls is always flowing and not fully dependent on the snow melt or rain. This makes for great icefalls in the winter. 

One of our favorite areas of Matthiessen is the canyon beyond Cedar Point. To visit this area, one needs to cross the creek, and at times, this can be a challenge. Some years it's flowing knee deep, other years it's frozen solid, this year it was frozen but had quite a bit of "rotten" ice on top due to overflow. Overflow is when a body of water freezes over, but the level of the water later rises and overflows onto the top of the ice. New ice forms, but it's not stable, and walking on the ice can be a hazard if that overflow ice breaks- here we would only get our feet wet, so it's more of a nuisance.

Once across the stream, two waterfalls appear in the distance, and both usually freeze up with plenty of space behind them, creating ice caves. At just the right time, one can relatively easily get behind and explore. Wait too long into the season and the opening will be too small to climb through.

 

This year, we hit it at the right time. The ice was covering the overhang of the canyon forming a cave, the openings were accessible, and the floor of the cave was frozen and not filled with water. It's an experience to venture into these caves, the ice is so interesting when it's backlit. Without ice cleats, it would be quite difficult to access these caves, and at times, impossible to even access the icefalls because of the slippery approach.

 

The rock overhang that makes these ice caves possible, is almost six feet tall, so when the ice forms on the floor, there's a ceiling of about five feet in some places, on down to four feet. Still, it's quite easy to access if you don't mind a bit of squeezing and climbing. Getting out is sometimes sketchy, but this year, the opening on the left side of the cave was large enough to walk through. Some years only one side is large enough, and the right side requires traversing over round, icy rock - something that's more difficult leaving than entering.

The Ice Barrier

 

 

The period of cold, windy weather over the last few weeks provided the perfect conditions for the formation of shelf ice along the Lake Michigan shoreline. As the water freezes, the wind and waves push the ice chunks toward the shore where they pile up and freeze together with the water splashes an spray. Over time, the ice builds up higher and higher, and the mounds grow up and out, creating an arctic-like range of ice hills parallel to the shore.

   

Walking carefully along the beach (on solid ground not ice) looking at the formations of the mounds and the flat areas between them, one feels as if they're in the arctic instead of Indiana. Winter at the Indiana Dunes National Park is like nowhere else in the state, a treasure for certain.

 

The French Canyon Icefall

 

On our hike through Starved Rock State Park, we ventured down the icy steps toward French Canyon, a blind canyon with a cascading waterfall at the terminal end of the trial. 

The narrow passages are sometimes difficult to walk over in wet weather, but rather treacherous when iced over. Of all the places to visit at Starved Rock, this is the only one with signs warning of the dangerous icy conditions. Other canyons have steep drops and ledges which you'd think would be more dangerous, but this canyon can fool people because of it's innocent looking approach. So many people attempt to walk up the trail and either fall or give up. It's trails such as this that demand the use of ice cleats, and wearing them, one can simply walk up the icy approach with no concern. 

The waterfall in French Canyon does not freefall, it travels over the rock face and, in cold weather, the ice covers the entire surface, creating a beautiful ice staircase up the canyon wall. Of course at 45 feet high, it's too tall and too dangerous to use as a staircase, but because of this geography here, this waterfall almost always guarantees a beautiful formation of ice.

 

A few years back, a couple of trees fell into the creek, and ultimately into the canyon; these logs remain at the foot of the falls. The logs now act as a centerpiece on the canyon floor, adding some natural interest to the waterfall. 

On this visit to Starved Rock, French Canyon's frozen waterfall was the most impressive of all the canyons we visited. Perhaps this will change once the current snow melts and refreezes while falling down the other rockfaces.

LaSalle Canyon's Frozen Waterfall

Even though I love hot weather, and don't really like winter, I actually look forward to the frozen waterfalls of Northern Illinois, specifically the many frozen falls found in Starved Rock and Matthiessen State Parks. All I do is complain about the cold weather, but somehow, I have absolutely no problem being out in the freezing cold and wind when I am exploring these canyons and the Lake Michigan shore. It's as if the thought of what I may find overrides the physical extremes I endure. I honestly do not wear gloves when I'm out photographing (unless I'm carrying a tripod), and have no problem handling a camera in 15° Fahrenheit, or even in -5° Fahrenheit. I find it much more comfortable and efficient to place my hands in my coat pocket as I hike around, then handle the camera with my bare hands. So far, so good, no frostbite!

With the temperatures in Illinois dropping below 0° over the past few days, I figured the waterfalls of Starved Rock would be frozen and impressive. After heading out today, I found the falls to be moderately frozen. I suspect the dry Fall, and Winter so far starved the falls of runoff and snowmelt, preventing the falls from building up. Even though they were relatively small, they're always a thrill to explore and photograph.
   

The first canyon we visited was LaSalle - one of my favorites due to the fact that the ice usually forms a curtain across most of the rock overhang, and one can walk behind the frozen falls. This time, there was only a single column of ice to view. I imagine with the warming temperatures of the next week, the snow in the high ground of the park will begin to melt, and then freeze at night, adding to the size of the icefalls. I'll head back in a week or two!
   

As we arrived at the park, the clouds parted and the sun washed the canyon walls with warm light, providing a strong contrast to the frigid subjects of our exploration. It's amazing how warm the canyons can appear on such cold days; the rock walls are often covered in deep green mosses and bathed in yellow light. It's interesting how this sight can actually keep you from thinking about the cold.

We left LaSalle Canyon feeling a bit underwhelmed, but encouraged by the thoughts of what the other canyons may hold for us.

The Occultation of Mars

Not only was tonight's full moon a wolf moon, but it also took the opportunity to hide one of our neighbors - Mars. A relatively rare event called an occultation took place. Rare at least for individual areas on earth. Similar to an eclipse, the moon and Mars need to align to our perspective, so the moon passes in front of the planet, hiding it from view for about an hour. 

Today's occultation took place between 8:07 PM and 9:17 PM, where Mars disappeared at the bottom left of the moon, and reappeared at the top.

It was said you could watch with the unaided eye, but we didn't see anything until Mars was quite a distance from the moon, probably due to the glare. With a camera and 1100mm lens set up, it was visible and really quite red. 

 The series of images here were taken handheld, with no tripod. It's not unusual to capture images of the moon handheld; it's really quite bright. However, I would have been happier using my tripod, but it was 80 miles away. 

The image below shows Mars as it just peeks over the top of the moon.




This image shows Mars a few moments after it reappeared from behind the Moon.